Laboratoare de Programare

Laboratorul 2.

Consideraţii teoretice.

Prezentarea mediului de programare Borlandc 3.1.

- se prezintă aspectele generale legate de lansarea în execuţie a aplicaţiei

- se prezintă succint meniul

o File – manipularea / salvarea fişierelor

o Edit – manipulare secvenţe de program / operaţii

o Search – instrucţiuni de căutare în program

o Run – lansarea în execuţie a unui program / parcurgerea pas cu pas

o Compile – compilarea programului

o Debug- depanarea unui program (urmărirea unor variabile, utilizarea unor elemente de control)

o Project – manipularea proiectelor

o Options – opţiuni / setări pentru program si utilizator

o Window – ajustarea, aranjarea, modificarea, vizualizarea ferestrelor deschise

o Help – Asistenta

Comenzi cheie – taste universale

CTRL – INS – Copiere în clipboard (Copy)

SHIFT – INS – Inserare din clipboard (Paste)

ALT – X – Ieşire din program

ALT - F9 – Compilarea programului

CTRL – F9 – Rularea programului

F8 – rularea programului pas cu pas

Alt-F5 – vizualizarea ecranului de lucru

F1 – Help

Shift F1 – Index cu toate instrucţiunile din limbajul de programare în ordine alfabetică

CTRL – F1 – Help pe funcţia pe care se află cursorul

Directivele de preprocesor – Headerele

A C header file is a text file that contains pieces of code written in C programming language syntax, and whose name, by convention, ends with “.h”. A C header file is used inside a program by coding the “#include” preprocessor directive. The syntax is as follows:

#include <standard-library-header-file>

or

#include "user-defined-header-file"

Note the slight difference in the syntax when including a standard library header files and user defined header files.

In programs written in C, it is often desirable to separate function declarations, global, static and external variable declarations from the rest of the source code. This provides software developers with three major advantages:

• Organizes the source code into well-defined entities.

• Separates interfaces and implementation of functionality.

• Provides flexibility and better opportunity of reuse.

Header files in C (and C++) are meant exactly for this purpose.

Definiţie: colecţii de funcţii predefinite care prin încărcarea unei directive pot fi folosite în cadrul programului

Modul de scriere:

#include <fisier standard>

sau

#include "fisier creat de utilizator"

Directive standard mai des utilizate

<Stdio.h> - o colecţie de funcţii de intrare / ieşire standard

<conio.h> - funcţii de intrare ieşire de la consolă (tastatură)

<math.h> - colecţie de expresii şi funcţii matematice

Declaraţiile de variabile

- variabile globale

- variabile locale

Type Min Max

int | integer | -32,767 32,767

unsigned | integer | 0 65535

long | integer | -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,648

float | floating-point | 1 x 10^-38 1 x 10^38

double | floating-point | 1 x 10^308 1 x 10^308

This collection gives the programmer more than enough scope for most projects. In addition to the above, there is one data type for storing character based information:

char | integer | -127 127

Notice that C treats it as a number, even though it can contain any one of the 255 standard character constants defined on the average keyboard. This is convenient and exasperating, in equal measures.

In case the reader is wondering how we deal with instances when we would wish to store character data such as words, C provides us with a concept known as arrays, which are collections of information. Thus:

char[10]

Denotes a nine letter word. The tenth letter is used to store a null character, which is Cs war of telling the machine that the word has ended. As a rule, always define one extra character for a string than is actually required.

Defining a variable is simple, as seen in the following examples:

int number;

float floating_point_number;

char my_name[25];

All C statements are completed with a semicolon (;), and variable names can contain any character, but must not begin with a number, or contain special characters.

Declaraţia:

TIPUL variabilei NUMELE variabilei( şi eventual o val. iniţ.);

!!!! Există cuvinte cheie care nu pot fi folosite ca şi nume pentru variabile

Programul principal

Void main(void)

{

}

int main(void)

{

}