Cuprins
- Introduction
- I A brief history of English grammar
- II Tenses in present-day English
- III Different approaches and activities designed to teach , practise and assess tenses at lower secondary level
- IV Conclusions
- V REFERENCES
Extras din referat
Chapter I: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Old English (5th to 11th century)
Middle English (Old English mixed up with Old Norse during Viking Invasions so the English language, and more specifically, English grammar, started evolving with particular attention to syntax)
Modern English (In the 14th-15th century English became the language of power and influence once again and the end of the 16th century brought about the first complete translation of the Catholic Bible
English becomes global
A brief history of English Tenses
The English noun ‘tense’ comes from Old French tens ‘time’
The concept of Tense is explained as a grammatical category by means of which some natural languages express the temporal location of the event described by the sentence in which the grammatical tense occurs.
The traditional tenses in English:
(a) ‘Present tense’, e.g. It is sunny.
(b) ‘Past tense’ or ‘preterit’, e.g. You arrived yesterday.
(c) ‘Future tense’, e.g. I will finish it soon.
(d) ‘Present perfect’, e.g. They have been to Ireland twice.
(e) ‘Past perfect’ or ‘pluperfect’, e.g. I hadn’t made any promises to you.
(f) ‘Conditional tense’, e.g. We would be happy to meet them.
(g) ‘Conditional perfect’, e.g. He would have stayed more if he had had more time
CHAPTER II TENSES IN PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH
II.1 Category of mood refers to the distinction between the real and unreal situations expressed by the corresponding forms of the verb
II.2 Concepts related to tenses
Time is an extra linguistic category.
Tense is a linguistic concept: it denotes the form taken by the verb to locate the situation referred to in time.
II.3 English Tenses in the 21st century
Focuses on a presentation of the English Tenses along with their specific situations and relevant examples
The category of aspect expresses how a state or action relates to time - seen as a complete event or an ongoing or repeated situation. There are two aspects in English: the progressive aspect and the perfect aspect
The term ‘Voice’ is used to describe the verb category which distinguishes an active verb phrase (E.g. found) from a passive one (E.g. were found).
Voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways:
Example:
Mom made some cakes. [ACTIVE]
Some cakes were made by mom. [PASSIVE]
Bibliografie
Bălan, Rada, Cehan, Anca, Ciută, Cristina, Dascălu Mihaela, Gheorghiu, Elza, Olaru, Eleonora. 2003. In-Service Distance Training Course for Teachers of English. Iași: Polirom.
Betsis, A., Mamas, L. 2017. Succeed in Cambridge English: Movers. Students’ Book. Brighton, UK: Global ELT.
Celce-Murcia, Marianne. 2001.Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Third edition. USA: Heinle & Heinle.
Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998, originally published by Oxford University Press 1998.
Cowan, Ron. 2008. The Teacher’s Grammar of English. A Coursebook and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. 2003. English as a Global Language. CUP. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press
Crystal, D. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition.
Declerck, Renaat. 2006. The Grammar of the English Tense System. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276273316_The_Grammar_of_the_English_Tense_System
Finnie, R., Roderick, M. 2002. Grammar Booster 3. Oxford: New Editions.
Achim, A., Capotă, L., Comișel, E., Dinu, F., Mastacan, A., Popovici, R. 2016. Pathway to English. English Agenda. București: Editura Didactică și Pedagogică.
WEB RESOURCES
www.nonstopenglish.com
www.english-online.org.uk
www.eslgold.com/grammar
www.britishcouncil.org
http://babaev.tripod.com/archive/grammar41.html#1
http://www.bbcactiveenglish.com/
http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Tenses_of_English
https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language/
Conținut arhivă zip
- Teaching and Evaluating Tense Acquisition at Lower Secondary Level.ppt